feat(web): create AES-CBC page

The AES-CBC page supports:
    - Text input: Large textarea for typing/pasting plaintext or ciphertext
    - File input: File upload for binary encryption/decryption
    - IV input: Hex-based 16-byte initialization vector
    - Download: Download encrypted/decrypted output as a file
    - Output formats: Hex, Binary, Octal, Text for decryption output

web/Cargo.toml

@@ -20,16 +20,31 @@ leptos_meta = { version = "0.8" }
 leptos_router = { version = "0.8", features = ["nightly"] }
 strum.workspace = true
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread"], optional = true }
-wasm-bindgen = { version = "=0.2.104", optional = true }
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2"
+js-sys = "0.3"
 web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
-  "Navigator",
-  "Window",
+  "Blob",
   "Clipboard",
+  "Crypto",
+  "Document",
+  "Element",
+  "Event",
+  "EventTarget",
+  "File",
+  "FileList",
+  "FileReader",
+  "HtmlElement",
+  "HtmlInputElement",
+  "HtmlTextAreaElement",
+  "Navigator",
+  "ProgressEvent",
   "Storage",
+  "Url",
+  "Window",
 ] }
 
 [features]
-hydrate = ["leptos/hydrate", "dep:console_error_panic_hook", "dep:wasm-bindgen"]
+hydrate = ["leptos/hydrate", "dep:console_error_panic_hook"]
 ssr = [
   "dep:axum",
   "dep:tokio",

web/src/app.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::pages::{
-    aes::AesPage, des::DesPage, footer::Footer, header::Header, home::Home, not_found::NotFound,
+    aes::AesPage, aes_cbc::AesCbcPage, des::DesPage, footer::Footer, header::Header, home::Home,
+    not_found::NotFound,
 };
 use leptos::prelude::*;
 use leptos_meta::{MetaTags, Stylesheet, Title, provide_meta_context};
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ pub fn App() -> impl IntoView {
                         <Route path=StaticSegment("/") view=Home />
                         <Route path=StaticSegment("/des") view=DesPage />
                         <Route path=StaticSegment("/aes") view=AesPage />
+                        <Route path=StaticSegment("/aes-cbc") view=AesCbcPage />
                     </Routes>
                 </main>
                 <Footer />

web/src/components/cipher_form.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+use crate::components::{
+    config_section::ConfigurationSection,
+    error_box::ErrorBox,
+    key_input::{KeyInput, KeySize},
+    output_box::OutputBox,
+    text_input::TextInput,
+};
 use cipher_factory::prelude::*;
-use leptos::{prelude::*, tachys::dom::event_target_value};
-use std::{str::FromStr, time::Duration};
-use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
-use web_sys::WheelEvent;
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
 #[component]
 pub fn CipherForm(algorithm: Algorithm) -> impl IntoView {
@@ -17,6 +22,11 @@ pub fn CipherForm(algorithm: Algorithm) -> impl IntoView {
 
     let (copy_feedback, set_copy_feedback) = signal(false);
 
+    let key_size = match algorithm {
+        Algorithm::Des => KeySize::Des,
+        Algorithm::Aes | Algorithm::AesCbc => KeySize::Aes128,
+    };
+
     let handle_submit = move || {
         set_error_msg(String::new());
         set_output(String::new());
@@ -74,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn CipherForm(algorithm: Algorithm) -> impl IntoView {
                 output_fmt=output_fmt
                 update_output=update_output
             />
-            <KeyInput set_key_input=set_key_input />
+            <KeyInput key_input=key_input set_key_input=set_key_input key_size=key_size />
             <TextInput mode=mode text_input=text_input set_text_input=set_text_input />
 
             <button class="btn-primary" on:click=move |_| handle_submit()>
@@ -92,230 +102,3 @@ pub fn CipherForm(algorithm: Algorithm) -> impl IntoView {
         </div>
     }
 }
-
-#[component]
-fn RadioButton(
-    value: OperationMode,
-    current: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
-    set_current: WriteSignal<OperationMode>,
-) -> AnyView {
-    view! {
-        <div class="radio-button">
-            <label>
-                <input
-                    type="radio"
-                    name="crypto-mode"
-                    value=value.to_string()
-                    prop:checked=move || current.get() == value
-                    on:change=move |_| set_current.set(value)
-                />
-                {value.to_string()}
-            </label>
-        </div>
-    }
-    .into_any()
-}
-
-#[component]
-fn ConfigurationSection(
-    mode: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
-    set_mode: WriteSignal<OperationMode>,
-    output_fmt: ReadSignal<OutputFormat>,
-    update_output: impl Fn(OutputFormat) + Copy + Send + 'static,
-) -> AnyView {
-    let handle_format_change = move |ev| {
-        let val = event_target_value(&ev);
-        let fmt = OutputFormat::from_str(&val).unwrap_or_default();
-        update_output(fmt);
-    };
-
-    let handle_format_wheel = move |ev: WheelEvent| {
-        ev.prevent_default();
-
-        let formats = OutputFormat::iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let current_idx = formats
-            .iter()
-            .position(|f| *f == output_fmt.get())
-            .unwrap_or(2);
-
-        let next_idx = if ev.delta_y() > 0.0 {
-            (current_idx + 1) % formats.len()
-        } else if current_idx == 0 {
-            formats.len() - 1
-        } else {
-            current_idx - 1
-        };
-        update_output(formats[next_idx]);
-    };
-
-    view! {
-        <div class="form-group">
-            <label>"Configuration"</label>
-            <div class="controls-row">
-                <div class="radio-group">
-                    <RadioButton value=OperationMode::Encrypt current=mode set_current=set_mode />
-                    <RadioButton value=OperationMode::Decrypt current=mode set_current=set_mode />
-                </div>
-                {move || {
-                    if mode.get() != OperationMode::Decrypt {
-                        return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
-                    }
-                    view! {
-                        <div class="format-controls-box">
-                            <div class="format-controls">
-                                <label>"Output format:"</label>
-                                <select
-                                    on:wheel=handle_format_wheel
-                                    on:change=handle_format_change
-                                    prop:value=move || output_fmt.get().to_string()
-                                >
-                                    {OutputFormat::iter()
-                                        .map(|fmt| {
-                                            view! {
-                                                <option value=fmt.to_string()>{fmt.to_string()}</option>
-                                            }
-                                        })
-                                        .collect_view()}
-                                </select>
-                            </div>
-                        </div>
-                    }
-                        .into_any()
-                }}
-            </div>
-        </div>
-    }.into_any()
-}
-
-fn clean_hex_input(input: String) -> String {
-    input
-        .chars()
-        .filter(|ch| ch.is_ascii_hexdigit())
-        .collect::<String>()
-}
-
-#[component]
-fn KeyInput(set_key_input: WriteSignal<String>) -> AnyView {
-    view! {
-        <div class="form-group">
-            <div class="lable-header">
-                <label>"Secret Key"</label>
-                <span class="input-hint">"Prefix: 0x (Hex), 0b (Bin), or nothing (Text)"</span>
-            </div>
-            <input
-                type="text"
-                placeholder="Enter key (e.g., 0x1A2B...)"
-                on:input=move |ev| set_key_input(event_target_value(&ev))
-            />
-        </div>
-    }
-    .into_any()
-}
-
-#[component]
-fn TextInput(
-    mode: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
-    text_input: ReadSignal<String>,
-    set_text_input: WriteSignal<String>,
-) -> AnyView {
-    let handle_hex_input = move |ev| {
-        let val = event_target_value(&ev);
-        let cleaned = clean_hex_input(val);
-        set_text_input(cleaned);
-    };
-
-    let handle_text_input = move |ev| {
-        set_text_input(event_target_value(&ev));
-    };
-
-    view! {
-        <div class="form-group">
-            {move || {
-                match mode.get() {
-                    OperationMode::Encrypt => {
-                        view! {
-                            <div class="lable-header">
-                                <label>"Plaintext Input"</label>
-                                <span class="input-hint">
-                                    "Prefix: 0x (Hex), 0b (Bin), or nothing (Text)"
-                                </span>
-                            </div>
-                            <div class="input-wrapper standard-input">
-                                <input
-                                    type="text"
-                                    placeholder="Enter text..."
-                                    on:input=handle_text_input
-                                    spellcheck="false"
-                                />
-                            </div>
-                        }
-                            .into_any()
-                    }
-                    OperationMode::Decrypt => {
-                        view! {
-                            <div class="lable-header">
-                                <label>"Ciphertext Input"</label>
-                            </div>
-                            <div class="input-wrapper hex-input">
-                                <span class="prefix">"0x"</span>
-                                <input
-                                    type="text"
-                                    prop:value=move || text_input.get()
-                                    placeholder="001122"
-                                    on:input=handle_hex_input
-                                    spellcheck="false"
-                                />
-                            </div>
-                        }
-                            .into_any()
-                    }
-                }
-            }}
-        </div>
-    }
-    .into_any()
-}
-
-#[component]
-fn OutputBox(
-    output: ReadSignal<String>,
-    output_fmt: ReadSignal<OutputFormat>,
-    copy_to_clipboard: impl Fn(String) + Copy + Send + 'static,
-    copy_feedback: ReadSignal<bool>,
-) -> AnyView {
-    view! {
-        {move || {
-            if output.get().is_empty() {
-                return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
-            }
-            view! {
-                <div class="result-box">
-                    <div class="result-toolbar">
-                        <strong>"Output ("{output_fmt.get().to_string()}")"</strong>
-                        <button class="btn-copy" on:click=move |_| copy_to_clipboard(output.get())>
-                            {move || {
-                                if copy_feedback.get() { "✔️ Copied" } else { "📋 Copy" }
-                            }}
-                        </button>
-                    </div>
-                    <code>{output.get()}</code>
-                </div>
-            }
-                .into_any()
-        }}
-    }
-    .into_any()
-}
-
-#[component]
-fn ErrorBox(error_msg: ReadSignal<String>) -> AnyView {
-    view! {
-        {move || {
-            if error_msg.get().is_empty() {
-                return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
-            }
-            view! { <div class="error-box">{error_msg.get()}</div> }.into_any()
-        }}
-    }
-    .into_any()
-}

web/src/components/cipher_form_cbc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+use crate::components::{
+    config_section::ConfigurationSection,
+    error_box::ErrorBox,
+    file_input::{FileTextInput, InputMode},
+    iv_input::IvInput,
+    key_input::{KeyInput, KeySize},
+};
+use cipher_factory::prelude::*;
+use js_sys::{Array, Uint8Array};
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+use std::time::Duration;
+use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
+use web_sys::{Blob, Url};
+
+#[component]
+pub fn CipherFormCbc() -> impl IntoView {
+    let (mode, set_mode) = signal(OperationMode::Encrypt);
+    let (output_fmt, set_output_fmt) = signal(OutputFormat::Hex);
+
+    let (key_input, set_key_input) = signal(String::new());
+    let (iv_input, set_iv_input) = signal(String::new());
+
+    // Input mode and content
+    let (input_mode, set_input_mode) = signal(InputMode::Text);
+    let (text_content, set_text_content) = signal(String::new());
+    let (file_data, set_file_data) = signal(Option::<Vec<u8>>::None);
+    let (file_name, set_file_name) = signal(Option::<String>::None);
+
+    // Output state
+    let (output, set_output) = signal(String::new());
+    let (output_bytes, set_output_bytes) = signal(Option::<Vec<u8>>::None);
+    let (error_msg, set_error_msg) = signal(String::new());
+    let (copy_feedback, set_copy_feedback) = signal(false);
+
+    let is_decrypt_mode = Memo::new(move |_| mode.get() == OperationMode::Decrypt);
+
+    let handle_submit = move || {
+        set_error_msg(String::new());
+        set_output(String::new());
+        set_output_bytes(None);
+
+        let key = key_input.get();
+        let iv = iv_input.get();
+
+        if key.is_empty() {
+            set_error_msg("Please enter a secret key.".to_string());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if iv.is_empty() {
+            set_error_msg("Please enter an initialization vector (IV).".to_string());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Format IV with 0x prefix (key keeps user format, IV is always hex)
+        let formatted_iv = format!("0x{iv}");
+
+        // Get input data
+        let input_data: Vec<u8> = match input_mode.get() {
+            InputMode::Text => {
+                let text = text_content.get();
+                if text.is_empty() {
+                    set_error_msg("Please enter input text or select a file.".to_string());
+                    return;
+                }
+                if mode.get() == OperationMode::Decrypt {
+                    // Parse hex input for decryption
+                    match parse_hex_string(&text) {
+                        Ok(bytes) => bytes,
+                        Err(e) => {
+                            set_error_msg(e);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    text.into_bytes()
+                }
+            }
+            InputMode::File => match file_data.get() {
+                Some(data) => data,
+                None => {
+                    set_error_msg("Please select a file.".to_string());
+                    return;
+                }
+            },
+        };
+
+        // Process encryption/decryption
+        match mode.get() {
+            OperationMode::Encrypt => {
+                match Algorithm::AesCbc.encrypt_cbc(&key, &formatted_iv, &input_data) {
+                    Ok(ciphertext) => {
+                        let hex_output = bytes_to_hex(&ciphertext);
+                        set_output(hex_output);
+                        set_output_bytes(Some(ciphertext));
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => set_error_msg(e.to_string()),
+                }
+            }
+            OperationMode::Decrypt => {
+                match Algorithm::AesCbc.decrypt_cbc(&key, &formatted_iv, &input_data) {
+                    Ok(plaintext) => {
+                        set_output_bytes(Some(plaintext.clone()));
+                        let formatted = match output_fmt.get() {
+                            OutputFormat::Text => {
+                                String::from_utf8(plaintext).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+                                    set_error_msg(
+                                        "Output contains invalid UTF-8. Try Hex format.".to_string(),
+                                    );
+                                    String::new()
+                                })
+                            }
+                            OutputFormat::Hex => bytes_to_hex(&plaintext),
+                            OutputFormat::Binary => bytes_to_binary(&plaintext),
+                            OutputFormat::Octal => bytes_to_octal(&plaintext),
+                        };
+                        set_output(formatted);
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => set_error_msg(e.to_string()),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let copy_to_clipboard = move |content: String| {
+        let clipboard = window().navigator().clipboard();
+        let _ = clipboard.write_text(&content);
+        set_copy_feedback(true);
+        set_timeout(move || set_copy_feedback(false), Duration::from_secs(2));
+    };
+
+    let update_output = move |fmt| {
+        set_output_fmt(fmt);
+        if !output.get().is_empty() {
+            handle_submit();
+        }
+    };
+
+    let download_output = move |_| {
+        if let Some(bytes) = output_bytes.get() {
+            let original_name = file_name.get().unwrap_or_else(|| "output".to_string());
+            let download_name = if mode.get() == OperationMode::Encrypt {
+                format!("{original_name}.enc")
+            } else {
+                original_name
+                    .strip_suffix(".enc")
+                    .map_or_else(|| format!("{original_name}.dec"), String::from)
+            };
+
+            download_bytes(&bytes, &download_name);
+        }
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="cipher-card">
+            <div class="card-header">
+                <h2>"AES-CBC"</h2>
+            </div>
+            <ConfigurationSection
+                mode=mode
+                set_mode=set_mode
+                output_fmt=output_fmt
+                update_output=update_output
+            />
+            <KeyInput key_input=key_input set_key_input=set_key_input key_size=KeySize::Aes128 />
+            <IvInput iv_input=iv_input set_iv_input=set_iv_input />
+
+            <FileTextInput
+                input_mode=input_mode
+                set_input_mode=set_input_mode
+                text_content=text_content
+                set_text_content=set_text_content
+                file_data=file_data
+                set_file_data=set_file_data
+                file_name=file_name
+                set_file_name=set_file_name
+                is_decrypt_mode=is_decrypt_mode
+            />
+
+            <button class="btn-primary" on:click=move |_| handle_submit()>
+                {move || format!("{} using AES-CBC", mode.get())}
+            </button>
+
+            // Output section
+            {move || {
+                if output.get().is_empty() {
+                    return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
+                }
+                view! {
+                    <div class="result-box">
+                        <div class="result-toolbar">
+                            <strong>"Output ("{output_fmt.get().to_string()}")"</strong>
+                            <div class="result-actions">
+                                <button class="btn-copy" on:click=move |_| copy_to_clipboard(output.get())>
+                                    {move || if copy_feedback.get() { "Copied" } else { "Copy" }}
+                                </button>
+                                {move || {
+                                    if output_bytes.get().is_some() {
+                                        view! {
+                                            <button class="btn-download" on:click=download_output>
+                                                "Download"
+                                            </button>
+                                        }.into_any()
+                                    } else {
+                                        view! { <span></span> }.into_any()
+                                    }
+                                }}
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                        <div class="result-content">
+                            <code>{move || {
+                                let out = output.get();
+                                if out.len() > 1000 {
+                                    format!("{}... ({} chars total)", &out[..1000], out.len())
+                                } else {
+                                    out
+                                }
+                            }}</code>
+                        </div>
+                    </div>
+                }.into_any()
+            }}
+            <ErrorBox error_msg=error_msg />
+        </div>
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_hex_string(s: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let trimmed = s.trim();
+    let s = trimmed
+        .strip_prefix("0x")
+        .or_else(|| trimmed.strip_prefix("0X"))
+        .unwrap_or(trimmed);
+
+    // Remove whitespace and newlines
+    let s: String = s.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).collect();
+
+    if !s.len().is_multiple_of(2) {
+        return Err("Hex string must have even length".to_string());
+    }
+
+    (0..s.len())
+        .step_by(2)
+        .map(|i| {
+            u8::from_str_radix(&s[i..i + 2], 16)
+                .map_err(|_| format!("Invalid hex at position {i}"))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn bytes_to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    bytes.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect()
+}
+
+fn bytes_to_binary(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    bytes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|b| format!("{b:08b}"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(" ")
+}
+
+fn bytes_to_octal(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    bytes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|b| format!("{b:03o}"))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(" ")
+}
+
+fn download_bytes(bytes: &[u8], filename: &str) {
+    let uint8_array = Uint8Array::new_with_length(bytes.len() as u32);
+    uint8_array.copy_from(bytes);
+
+    let array = Array::new();
+    array.push(&uint8_array.buffer());
+
+    let blob = Blob::new_with_u8_array_sequence(&array).unwrap();
+    let url = Url::create_object_url_with_blob(&blob).unwrap();
+
+    let document = web_sys::window().unwrap().document().unwrap();
+    let a = document.create_element("a").unwrap();
+    a.set_attribute("href", &url).unwrap();
+    a.set_attribute("download", filename).unwrap();
+
+    let a: web_sys::HtmlElement = a.unchecked_into();
+    a.click();
+
+    Url::revoke_object_url(&url).unwrap();
+}

web/src/components/config_section.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use crate::components::radio_button::RadioButton;
+use cipher_factory::prelude::*;
+use leptos::{prelude::*, tachys::dom::event_target_value};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+use web_sys::WheelEvent;
+
+#[component]
+pub fn ConfigurationSection(
+    mode: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
+    set_mode: WriteSignal<OperationMode>,
+    output_fmt: ReadSignal<OutputFormat>,
+    update_output: impl Fn(OutputFormat) + Copy + Send + 'static,
+) -> AnyView {
+    let handle_format_change = move |ev| {
+        let val = event_target_value(&ev);
+        let fmt = OutputFormat::from_str(&val).unwrap_or_default();
+        update_output(fmt);
+    };
+
+    let handle_format_wheel = move |ev: WheelEvent| {
+        ev.prevent_default();
+
+        let formats = OutputFormat::iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let current_idx = formats
+            .iter()
+            .position(|f| *f == output_fmt.get())
+            .unwrap_or(2);
+
+        let next_idx = if ev.delta_y() > 0.0 {
+            (current_idx + 1) % formats.len()
+        } else if current_idx == 0 {
+            formats.len() - 1
+        } else {
+            current_idx - 1
+        };
+        update_output(formats[next_idx]);
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <label>"Configuration"</label>
+            <div class="controls-row">
+                <div class="radio-group">
+                    <RadioButton value=OperationMode::Encrypt current=mode set_current=set_mode />
+                    <RadioButton value=OperationMode::Decrypt current=mode set_current=set_mode />
+                </div>
+                {move || {
+                    if mode.get() != OperationMode::Decrypt {
+                        return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
+                    }
+                    view! {
+                        <div class="format-controls-box">
+                            <div class="format-controls">
+                                <label>"Output format:"</label>
+                                <select
+                                    on:wheel=handle_format_wheel
+                                    on:change=handle_format_change
+                                    prop:value=move || output_fmt.get().to_string()
+                                >
+                                    {OutputFormat::iter()
+                                        .map(|fmt| {
+                                            view! {
+                                                <option value=fmt.to_string()>{fmt.to_string()}</option>
+                                            }
+                                        })
+                                        .collect_view()}
+                                </select>
+                            </div>
+                        </div>
+                    }
+                        .into_any()
+                }}
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    }.into_any()
+}

web/src/components/error_box.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+
+#[component]
+pub fn ErrorBox(error_msg: ReadSignal<String>) -> AnyView {
+    view! {
+        {move || {
+            if error_msg.get().is_empty() {
+                return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
+            }
+            view! { <div class="error-box">{error_msg.get()}</div> }.into_any()
+        }}
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/file_input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use js_sys::{ArrayBuffer, Uint8Array};
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+use wasm_bindgen::{prelude::*, JsCast};
+use web_sys::{Event, File, FileList, FileReader, HtmlInputElement};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum InputMode {
+    Text,
+    File,
+}
+
+#[component]
+pub fn FileTextInput(
+    input_mode: ReadSignal<InputMode>,
+    set_input_mode: WriteSignal<InputMode>,
+    text_content: ReadSignal<String>,
+    set_text_content: WriteSignal<String>,
+    file_data: ReadSignal<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
+    set_file_data: WriteSignal<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
+    file_name: ReadSignal<Option<String>>,
+    set_file_name: WriteSignal<Option<String>>,
+    is_decrypt_mode: Memo<bool>,
+) -> AnyView {
+    let handle_file_change = move |ev: Event| {
+        let target = ev.target().unwrap();
+        let input: HtmlInputElement = target.unchecked_into();
+
+        if let Some(files) = input.files() {
+            let files: FileList = files;
+            if let Some(file) = files.get(0) {
+                let file: File = file;
+                let name = file.name();
+                set_file_name(Some(name));
+
+                let reader = FileReader::new().unwrap();
+                let reader_clone = reader.clone();
+
+                let onload = Closure::wrap(Box::new(move |_: web_sys::ProgressEvent| {
+                    if let Ok(result) = reader_clone.result()
+                        && let Some(array_buffer) = result.dyn_ref::<ArrayBuffer>()
+                    {
+                        let uint8_array = Uint8Array::new(array_buffer);
+                        let data: Vec<u8> = uint8_array.to_vec();
+                        set_file_data(Some(data));
+                    }
+                }) as Box<dyn FnMut(_)>);
+
+                reader.set_onload(Some(onload.as_ref().unchecked_ref()));
+                onload.forget();
+
+                let _ = reader.read_as_array_buffer(&file);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    let handle_text_change = move |ev: Event| {
+        let target = ev.target().unwrap();
+        let textarea: web_sys::HtmlTextAreaElement = target.unchecked_into();
+        set_text_content(textarea.value());
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <div class="label-header">
+                <label>{move || if is_decrypt_mode.get() { "Ciphertext Input" } else { "Plaintext Input" }}</label>
+                <div class="input-mode-toggle">
+                    <button
+                        type="button"
+                        class=move || if input_mode.get() == InputMode::Text { "mode-btn active" } else { "mode-btn" }
+                        on:click=move |_| set_input_mode(InputMode::Text)
+                    >
+                        "Text"
+                    </button>
+                    <button
+                        type="button"
+                        class=move || if input_mode.get() == InputMode::File { "mode-btn active" } else { "mode-btn" }
+                        on:click=move |_| set_input_mode(InputMode::File)
+                    >
+                        "File"
+                    </button>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+
+            {move || {
+                match input_mode.get() {
+                    InputMode::Text => {
+                        view! {
+                            <div class="textarea-wrapper">
+                                <textarea
+                                    rows="6"
+                                    placeholder=move || {
+                                        if is_decrypt_mode.get() {
+                                            "Paste ciphertext here (hex format)..."
+                                        } else {
+                                            "Enter or paste your plaintext here..."
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    prop:value=move || text_content.get()
+                                    on:input=handle_text_change
+                                    spellcheck="false"
+                                ></textarea>
+                                <div class="char-count">
+                                    {move || {
+                                        let len = text_content.get().len();
+                                        format!("{} characters", len)
+                                    }}
+                                </div>
+                            </div>
+                        }.into_any()
+                    }
+                    InputMode::File => {
+                        view! {
+                            <div class="file-upload-area">
+                                <input
+                                    type="file"
+                                    id="file-input"
+                                    on:change=handle_file_change
+                                    class="file-input-hidden"
+                                />
+                                <label for="file-input" class="file-upload-label">
+                                    {move || {
+                                        match file_name.get() {
+                                            Some(name) => view! {
+                                                <div class="file-selected">
+                                                    <span class="file-icon">"[FILE]"</span>
+                                                    <span class="file-name">{name}</span>
+                                                    <span class="file-size">
+                                                        {move || {
+                                                            file_data.get().map(|d| format!("({} bytes)", d.len())).unwrap_or_default()
+                                                        }}
+                                                    </span>
+                                                </div>
+                                            }.into_any(),
+                                            None => view! {
+                                                <div class="file-placeholder">
+                                                    <span class="upload-icon">"[+]"</span>
+                                                    <span>"Click to select a file or drag and drop"</span>
+                                                </div>
+                                            }.into_any(),
+                                        }
+                                    }}
+                                </label>
+                            </div>
+                        }.into_any()
+                    }
+                }
+            }}
+        </div>
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/iv_input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use js_sys::Uint8Array;
+use leptos::{prelude::*, tachys::dom::event_target_value};
+
+fn clean_hex_input(input: String) -> String {
+    input
+        .chars()
+        .filter(|ch| ch.is_ascii_hexdigit())
+        .collect::<String>()
+}
+
+fn generate_random_bytes(len: usize) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let window = web_sys::window()?;
+    let crypto = window.crypto().ok()?;
+    let array = Uint8Array::new_with_length(len as u32);
+    crypto.get_random_values_with_array_buffer_view(&array).ok()?;
+    Some(array.to_vec())
+}
+
+fn bytes_to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    bytes.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect()
+}
+
+#[component]
+pub fn IvInput(
+    iv_input: ReadSignal<String>,
+    set_iv_input: WriteSignal<String>,
+) -> AnyView {
+    let handle_hex_input = move |ev| {
+        let val = event_target_value(&ev);
+        let cleaned = clean_hex_input(val);
+        set_iv_input(cleaned);
+    };
+
+    let generate_random_iv = move |_| {
+        if let Some(bytes) = generate_random_bytes(16) {
+            let hex = bytes_to_hex(&bytes);
+            set_iv_input(hex);
+        }
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <div class="label-header">
+                <label>"Initialization Vector (IV)"</label>
+                <div class="header-actions">
+                    <span class="input-hint">"16 bytes (32 hex chars)"</span>
+                    <button
+                        type="button"
+                        class="btn-generate"
+                        on:click=generate_random_iv
+                        title="Generate random IV"
+                    >
+                        "Random"
+                    </button>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <div class="input-wrapper hex-input">
+                <span class="prefix">"0x"</span>
+                <input
+                    type="text"
+                    placeholder="000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F"
+                    prop:value=move || iv_input.get()
+                    on:input=handle_hex_input
+                    spellcheck="false"
+                    maxlength="32"
+                />
+            </div>
+        </div>
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/key_input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use js_sys::Uint8Array;
+use leptos::{prelude::*, tachys::dom::event_target_value};
+
+fn generate_random_bytes(len: usize) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let window = web_sys::window()?;
+    let crypto = window.crypto().ok()?;
+    let array = Uint8Array::new_with_length(len as u32);
+    crypto.get_random_values_with_array_buffer_view(&array).ok()?;
+    Some(array.to_vec())
+}
+
+fn bytes_to_hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    bytes.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02X}")).collect()
+}
+
+/// Key sizes in bytes for different algorithms
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum KeySize {
+    /// DES: 8 bytes (64 bits, though only 56 are used)
+    Des,
+    /// AES-128: 16 bytes (128 bits)
+    Aes128,
+}
+
+impl KeySize {
+    const fn bytes(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Des => 8,
+            Self::Aes128 => 16,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[component]
+pub fn KeyInput(
+    key_input: ReadSignal<String>,
+    set_key_input: WriteSignal<String>,
+    #[prop(default = KeySize::Aes128)] key_size: KeySize,
+) -> AnyView {
+    let generate_random_key = move |_| {
+        if let Some(bytes) = generate_random_bytes(key_size.bytes()) {
+            let hex = format!("0x{}", bytes_to_hex(&bytes));
+            set_key_input(hex);
+        }
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="form-group">
+            <div class="label-header">
+                <label>"Secret Key"</label>
+                <div class="header-actions">
+                    <span class="input-hint">"Prefix: 0x (Hex), 0b (Bin), or nothing (Text)"</span>
+                    <button
+                        type="button"
+                        class="btn-generate"
+                        on:click=generate_random_key
+                        title="Generate random key"
+                    >
+                        "Random"
+                    </button>
+                </div>
+            </div>
+            <input
+                type="text"
+                placeholder="Enter key (e.g., 0x1A2B...)"
+                prop:value=move || key_input.get()
+                on:input=move |ev| set_key_input(event_target_value(&ev))
+                spellcheck="false"
+            />
+        </div>
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/mod.rs

@@ -1 +1,10 @@
 pub mod cipher_form;
+pub mod cipher_form_cbc;
+pub mod config_section;
+pub mod error_box;
+pub mod file_input;
+pub mod iv_input;
+pub mod key_input;
+pub mod output_box;
+pub mod radio_button;
+pub mod text_input;

web/src/components/output_box.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+use cipher_factory::prelude::OutputFormat;
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+
+#[component]
+pub fn OutputBox(
+    output: ReadSignal<String>,
+    output_fmt: ReadSignal<OutputFormat>,
+    copy_to_clipboard: impl Fn(String) + Copy + Send + 'static,
+    copy_feedback: ReadSignal<bool>,
+) -> AnyView {
+    view! {
+        {move || {
+            if output.get().is_empty() {
+                return view! { <span></span> }.into_any();
+            }
+            view! {
+                <div class="result-box">
+                    <div class="result-toolbar">
+                        <strong>"Output ("{output_fmt.get().to_string()}")"</strong>
+                        <button class="btn-copy" on:click=move |_| copy_to_clipboard(output.get())>
+                            {move || {
+                                if copy_feedback.get() { "Copied" } else { "Copy" }
+                            }}
+                        </button>
+                    </div>
+                    <code>{output.get()}</code>
+                </div>
+            }
+                .into_any()
+        }}
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/radio_button.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+use cipher_factory::prelude::OperationMode;
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+
+#[component]
+pub fn RadioButton(
+    value: OperationMode,
+    current: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
+    set_current: WriteSignal<OperationMode>,
+) -> AnyView {
+    view! {
+        <div class="radio-button">
+            <label>
+                <input
+                    type="radio"
+                    name="crypto-mode"
+                    value=value.to_string()
+                    prop:checked=move || current.get() == value
+                    on:change=move |_| set_current.set(value)
+                />
+                {value.to_string()}
+            </label>
+        </div>
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/components/text_input.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use cipher_factory::prelude::OperationMode;
+use leptos::{prelude::*, tachys::dom::event_target_value};
+
+pub fn clean_hex_input(input: String) -> String {
+    input
+        .chars()
+        .filter(|ch| ch.is_ascii_hexdigit())
+        .collect::<String>()
+}
+
+#[component]
+pub fn TextInput(
+    mode: ReadSignal<OperationMode>,
+    text_input: ReadSignal<String>,
+    set_text_input: WriteSignal<String>,
+) -> AnyView {
+    let handle_hex_input = move |ev| {
+        let val = event_target_value(&ev);
+        let cleaned = clean_hex_input(val);
+        set_text_input(cleaned);
+    };
+
+    let handle_text_input = move |ev| {
+        set_text_input(event_target_value(&ev));
+    };
+
+    view! {
+        <div class="form-group">
+            {move || {
+                match mode.get() {
+                    OperationMode::Encrypt => {
+                        view! {
+                            <div class="label-header">
+                                <label>"Plaintext Input"</label>
+                                <span class="input-hint">
+                                    "Prefix: 0x (Hex), 0b (Bin), or nothing (Text)"
+                                </span>
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="input-wrapper standard-input">
+                                <input
+                                    type="text"
+                                    placeholder="Enter text..."
+                                    on:input=handle_text_input
+                                    spellcheck="false"
+                                />
+                            </div>
+                        }
+                            .into_any()
+                    }
+                    OperationMode::Decrypt => {
+                        view! {
+                            <div class="label-header">
+                                <label>"Ciphertext Input"</label>
+                            </div>
+                            <div class="input-wrapper hex-input">
+                                <span class="prefix">"0x"</span>
+                                <input
+                                    type="text"
+                                    prop:value=move || text_input.get()
+                                    placeholder="001122"
+                                    on:input=handle_hex_input
+                                    spellcheck="false"
+                                />
+                            </div>
+                        }
+                            .into_any()
+                    }
+                }
+            }}
+        </div>
+    }
+    .into_any()
+}

web/src/pages/aes_cbc.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use crate::components::cipher_form_cbc::CipherFormCbc;
+use leptos::prelude::*;
+
+#[component]
+pub fn AesCbcPage() -> impl IntoView {
+    view! {
+        <CipherFormCbc />
+    }
+}

web/src/pages/header.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ pub fn Header() -> impl IntoView {
                 <li>
                     <A href="/aes">"AES"</A>
                 </li>
+                <li>
+                    <A href="/aes-cbc">"AES-CBC"</A>
+                </li>
             </ul>
             <button class="theme-toggle" on:click=toggle_theme>
                 {move || theme.get().to_string()}

web/src/pages/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod aes;
+pub mod aes_cbc;
 pub mod des;
 pub mod footer;
 pub mod header;

web/style/main.scss

@@ -671,3 +671,185 @@ main {
   text-transform: none;
   letter-spacing: normal;
 }
+
+.header-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 12px;
+}
+
+.btn-generate {
+  background: var(--bg-input);
+  border: 1px solid var(--border);
+  color: var(--accent);
+  padding: 4px 10px;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font-size: 0.75rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.03em;
+  transition: all 0.2s;
+
+  &:hover {
+    border-color: var(--accent);
+    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
+  }
+
+  &:active {
+    transform: scale(0.98);
+  }
+}
+
+// Input mode toggle (Text/File switcher)
+.input-mode-toggle {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 4px;
+  background: var(--bg-input);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  padding: 2px;
+
+  .mode-btn {
+    background: transparent;
+    border: none;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    padding: 4px 12px;
+    border-radius: 4px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+    font-size: 0.8rem;
+    font-weight: 600;
+    transition: all 0.2s;
+
+    &:hover {
+      color: var(--text-main);
+    }
+
+    &.active {
+      background: var(--primary);
+      color: var(--bg-body);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Textarea wrapper
+.textarea-wrapper {
+  position: relative;
+
+  textarea {
+    @include input-styles;
+    padding: 12px;
+    resize: vertical;
+    min-height: 120px;
+    line-height: 1.5;
+  }
+
+  .char-count {
+    position: absolute;
+    bottom: 8px;
+    right: 12px;
+    font-size: 0.75rem;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+    opacity: 0.6;
+    pointer-events: none;
+  }
+}
+
+// File upload area
+.file-upload-area {
+  .file-input-hidden {
+    display: none;
+  }
+
+  .file-upload-label {
+    @include input-styles;
+    display: flex;
+    align-items: center;
+    justify-content: center;
+    min-height: 120px;
+    cursor: pointer;
+    border-style: dashed;
+    border-width: 2px;
+    transition: all 0.2s;
+
+    &:hover {
+      border-color: var(--primary);
+      background: var(--bg-highlight);
+    }
+  }
+
+  .file-placeholder {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 8px;
+    color: var(--text-muted);
+
+    .upload-icon {
+      font-size: 2rem;
+      opacity: 0.5;
+    }
+  }
+
+  .file-selected {
+    display: flex;
+    flex-direction: column;
+    align-items: center;
+    gap: 4px;
+
+    .file-icon {
+      font-size: 1.5rem;
+      color: var(--primary);
+    }
+
+    .file-name {
+      font-weight: 600;
+      color: var(--text-main);
+      word-break: break-all;
+      text-align: center;
+    }
+
+    .file-size {
+      font-size: 0.85rem;
+      color: var(--text-muted);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Result actions
+.result-actions {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+
+.btn-download {
+  background: transparent;
+  border: none;
+  color: var(--accent);
+  font-weight: 700;
+  font-size: 0.85rem;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  text-transform: uppercase;
+  letter-spacing: 0.05em;
+  padding: 4px 8px;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  transition: all 0.2s;
+
+  &:hover {
+    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
+  }
+}
+
+.result-content {
+  max-height: 300px;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+
+  code {
+    display: block;
+    padding: 15px;
+    word-break: break-all;
+    font-family: "Consolas", "Monaco", monospace;
+    color: var(--accent);
+    background: transparent;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+  }
+}